Public Controversy on Bio-ethics Essay Example

Public Controversy on Bio-ethics Paper Bioethics can be referred to as a field of study that is philosophical, and addresses the ethical arguments as a result of advances in biology and medicine. (Jonsen et al, 1998). The ethical questions that are addressed by the bio ethicists are used in relation among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, philosophy, and theology (James, 2001). The interdisciplinary field of bioethics was jump-started by the Nuremberg Code. This code was set up in order to set standards for judging physicians and scientists (McGee et al 2003). These physicians and scientists were the one who had worked in concentration camp conducting biomedical experiments on the prisoners. The basic ethical principles that should rule biomedical and behavioural research on human subjects have been suggested to be drafted down. Guide lines that will ensure human rights and respect are upheld should also be included. The rules and guidelines also assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround research conducted on the human subjects. Principles that need to be addressed by the guidelines are: Justice, Beneficence and Respect for autonomy for the person. Public health and health policy challenges and advancement in biotechnology has resulted to a fast-growing academic and professional area of inquiry in bioethics. Degree programs are currently being offered in various education institutions that do specialize in bioethics. The proper scope in bioethics is not certain. While some people feel that ethical evaluation of questions that revolve around biology and medicine should be narrowed down to the morality of medial treatments or technological advances, others feel different. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Controversy on Bio-ethics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Public Controversy on Bio-ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Public Controversy on Bio-ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The other groups are of the view that ethical evaluation should include morality of all actions that might help or harm organisms that can feel fear and pain. In addition, all such actions should be included in bioethics. This is because they may bear a relation to medicine and biology. The purpose of bio ethicists is to put to work the huge body of research and history of discussions about bioethics in a manner that is fair, honest and intelligent. Future social, ethical and economic implications. Bioethics as a field was as a result of public attention to ethical questions related to abuses of human subjects in biomedical experiments,www. eubios. info/betext. htm . Bioethics as a field of study is said to be an appropriate way of ensuring human rights and morals are incorporated into the medicine and biological experiments. In this research paper, the issue of Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs) will be discussed. The use of genetically modified organisms has raised public disagreement on whether the organisms should be produced for human consumption or not. The positive perspective of genetic organisms will first be discussed, and negative effects also. Both sides expose the controversy that surrounds this issue. Genetically Modified Food Organisms. (GMOs). Discussion There are various issues that comprise bioethical research analysis. Genetically modified organisms include one of the issues that have raised controversy in the biomedical field. The argument is between the advantages and negative effects of these foods. Part of the global community view GMOs as a benefit to human survival while others see the organisms as unhealthy and having adverse effects on people, animals and the environment in general. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) can be said to be organisms that’s through genetic engineering techniques, their genetic material or make-up is altered (Anderson K. 2005). The recombinant DNA technology is used in alteration of the genetic make-up. In this technology, the DNA molecules from the different sources are combined in vitro. This combination forms one molecule that is then used to create a new gene. The DNA is then followed by its transfer into an organism. The modified traits are then expressed in an organism. Examples of GMOs include transgenic plants and microbes for example e. g. bacteria (Cohen et al, 1973). Genetically modified organisms have increased production in the agriculture sector and reduced the costs that may be incurred during the production. This is because, there is reduced costs in chemical and mechanical needs during planting, maintenance and harvesting of the agricultural products, (Smith et al, 2000). The savings from costs that might have been incurred can be used to implement programs that can benefit the consumers. The government can therefore, spend less in the cost of production in agriculture if the foods were genetically engineered as compared to the organically produced foods. www. dartmouth. edu-biomed/resources. htmld/bioethics. shtml. Genetically modified organisms require minimal use of chemicals and labour to enhance maximum production. These organisms also result to the production of foods that are more nutritious. This means that the nutritional value of the natural foods can be increased by producing GMOs . A good example is ‘Golden Rice’ which contains beta-carotene, Vitamin A and Iron. The GMOs due to their increased nutritional value helps in preventing and treating nutritional related diseases, for example, anaemia, childhood blindness and Marasmus. Another advantage of genetically modified crops is that the foods have an enhanced taste and quality as compared to the natural crops. This is because the crops genes have been modified to improve its quality. Genes from two crops are combined to form a better quality crop. The characteristics that enhance resistance against diseases, adverse weather conditions, pests, and maximum yields in both crops result to an even better crop, www. sciencemag. org/feature/plus/sfg/education/index. dtl. The crops that have been genetically engineered have a reduced maturation time. Some crops have been known to take a very long time before they are ready to be harvested. Decreasing the maturation period increases the crop yield per given piece of land. The crops susceptibility to diseases and pests that occur as a result of long periods of crop in the field is reduced. This increases the rate of production of the crop over a given area of land. The high production is able to supply the world markets in order to satisfy the needs of the people. GMOs violate the ethics that require protection and conservation of both the plants and animal diversity. All organisms or species that exist in nature have their intrinsic values. This value allows plants or animals to exist without being interfered with. They all have a right to life and no one has the right to manipulate them. Gene engineering of these natural organisms denies them the right to exist in their original form. This results to gene loss or reduction of genetic diversity. The GMOs have an increased stress tolerance. Crop stress can be as a result of diseases, pests and unfavourable weather conditions. For example the crops are disease resistant. The crop field is protected from the diseases that are likely to attack it. Due to their disease resistant condition, the quality and nutritional value of the food crop is guaranteed. The hybrid species of crops that are produced as a result of genetic engineering offer a much higher quality crop. There is no reduction in production that may result due to the crop diseases, (Smith et al, 2003). In addition some food crops have been engineered to produce human vaccines against infections diseases. Many human diseases and infections are either incurable or curable. Some incurable human diseases can be prevented by consumption of genetically modified foods. The vaccines boost the human body immune system against the diseases. For example banana species produce a human vaccine against hepatitis. The crops are also resistant to pests that can damage crops to lower the production and its product quality. Some pests may also act as disease vectors of human or animal diseases. Some human diseases can be contagious and that can cause deaths of a large number of people. Foods containing medicinal components assist in providing better health to the people. The GMOs give a chance to the introduction of new products and growing techniques. The GMOs produce toxic substances to the humans. Natural foods contain toxic components that do not cause adverse health effects. Introduction of new genes in a pant trigger production of toxins at high levels and also interferes with a metabolic pathway. This causes a stressed plant to produce more toxins in response to this. For example potatoes bred for increased disease resistance have produced high levels of glycoalkaloids (GEO-PIE Website). These toxins may cause poisoning or diseases in the human body, (Murphy et al, 2004). In animals, the gene technology has led to the introduction of animal species that are resistant to diseases. For example, a cow has been introduced; that is resistant to the mad cow disease (James, 2001). This prevents outbreak of such infectious diseases, which may even be transmitted to the human beings. Animal productivity can be increased its resistant to harsh unfavourable conditions. The animal also acquires an efficient feeding method. Animal diagnostic methods are improved through gene engineering. This ensures diseases can be easily diagnosed and the required treatment administered on time. Genes from different species are mixed in order to form a GMO. This means that the genetic make up is interfered with. Genes that enhance the survival of threat organism may be interfered with. Disease-resistance and stress-tolerance in the organism may be reduced. This makes the organism’s vulnerability to diseases and stress to increase. An outbreak of disease may completely wipe out an entire population due to reduced resistance. Genes tampering may also decrease the survival rate in a species due to its reduced ability to adapt to adverse weather and environmental changes. Other changes may include; behavioural change and low reproductive rate (low survival rate of the offspring). GMOs cause stress to the animals and plants. This is due to the increased human disturbance to the organism. The organism is exposed to so many changes at the same time genetic changes, behavioural changes The environment in which a person lives is very important and needs to be protected from pollution or exposure to overexploitation. Bio-herbicides and bio insecticides have been developed. These chemicals are environment friendly and help in preventing pollution of the environment. Environmental pollution contributes a lot in environment deterioration, diseases increase (in humans, animals and plants) and affects water resources and other natural resources. Environmental pollution has encouraged global warming that has in turn resulted to natural disasters (floods, famine and drought, and hurricanes). These natural disasters cause intense damage to property, transport systems and death. Use of bio-herbicides and insecticides reduce the effects that contribute to disasters that are environmentally related. These chemicals reduce the dangerous effects of chemicals that have been used in the past; non-friendly to the environment. The chemicals can be absorbed in the human environment without causing hazards. Biotechnology as a technique is applied in conservation of soil, water and energy. These resources support the entire human population survival . The resources exploitation or destruction may put to risk the human survival. Both humans and animals depend on the plant resources for their food. Minerals that are extracted from the natural environment are used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce drugs. Others are used to build residential and working facilities. Therefore, people need to protect these resources from over-exploitation and instead promote sustainable use of the resources. In the mission to protect the environment people are inventing measures that will ensure sustainable utilization of the resources. As above stated, chemicals that are genetically produced is environmental -friendly. This ensures that they do not change or affect the soil structure and its fertility. Wild animals are protected from poisoning through the use of non-environmental friendly chemicals on the natural environment. Water sources are protected from poisoning. Both plants and animals in the wild utilize water and poisoning of this water will adversely affect the aquatic organisms that live in the water resources www. gwu. edu/-guides/arts/philosophy. html. The GMOs on the other hand have negative effects on people, environment and safety, also local and global effects. The organism make up of an organism assists a person in resisting diseases in the body system. The GMOs may cause allergies in individuals due to the interference of the genetic composition. The antibiotic resistance markers in the body are transferred reducing the resistance of that person against the disease causing organisms . The environment is exposed to chemicals that in turn affect the natural cycle of the environment. Genetically modified plants may harbour disease vectors that may affect the animals. Allergies introduce other health complications to both humans and animals. Organisms that may be exposed to negative effects of use of GMOs become more susceptible to diseases (www. -sul. Stanford. edu/guides/bietics. html). . Better waste management has been developed as a result of genetically modified organisms. Wastes require to be disposed in the best way possible that does not pose danger to the people or the environment itself. Products those are less harmful to the people if disposed guarantee a community safe waste management. Any waste that is disposed in the environment requires being biodegradable and causing minimal effects to the environment. The waste is easily absorbed in the existing environment without threatening humans and animals, as well as the plant life. There is more efficient processing of products and bio processing of forestry products (Bioethics. georgetown. edu/publications/scopenotes/sn38. htm). In human societies, genetically modified organisms have increased food security for the growing populations worldwide. The food production is increased through huge harvests. Increased yields enable a country to satisfy the nutritional needs of its people . In addition more food can be stored for future use. This guarantees the people of enough food even in cases of unfavourable weather conditions (drought, floods) that may reduce the crop production. A good harvest is as a result of early maturity, disease-tolerant crops, pest resistant crops and their ability to adapt to the adverse weather conditions. The crops are more stress-tolerant and will survive in changing environments. Animal products that supplement human diet can also be produced in high amounts as a result of increased resistance to diseases, increased hardiness and feeding efficiency as well as improved diagnostic methods. Animal products provide food source that supplement the crop products. Increasing human populations have necessitated increase in animal products to satisfy the ever-increasing human needs. Genetically produced animal organisms will also increase in production and their products also easily available to the people. Increased food security prevents scarcity of food even in the events of droughts or floods. The global environment is threatened by the use of genetically modified organisms. Both plants and animal populations have been affected. In a natural environment, conservation of gene diversity is very crucial. Disappearance of a species causes reduction in the genetic diversity. The process of evolution and natural selection favour the survival of organisms with the best genes. Genetic engineering may result to the change of genes that are important for an organism to survive. A species changed wiping out of that species through natural selection. These organisms can therefore be said to threaten survival of some species for example, unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, effects on soil microbes, and loss of flora and fauna diversity. These changes in turn affect the natural cycle in the environment www. questia. com/Ethics-in-education. To the humans, the genetically modified foods are said to cause health problems. Since they are genetically engineered, the animal and crop products threaten the safety of the person consuming the product. The threats posed by the genetically modified foods vary according to the organism type being modified and the intended application of the modified organism. Products that can enter the human food supply are primary causes of problems in the human health. The GMOs are potential causal factors of food allergies. The allergic reactions result when a normally harmless protein stimulates an immune response after it enters the body, (Bernstein et al, 2003). The allergic response is activated b an introduction of a new gene in the human body, which is from a source with allergic components. The source may also be new to the human body system. This increases allergic reactions possibility. Compared to its traditional counterpart, genetically engineered plant may have decreased nutritional value. This is because a GMO is said to make nutrients in that plant to become unavailable or indigestible to the people. For example, a study conducted showed a strain of genetically modified soybean produce phytoestrogen compound levels. The phytoestrogen compounds in the soybean are believed to protect against heart diseases and cancer. This is as compared to the traditional strain of the soybean. (Bakshi, 2003). Both humans and animals have bacteria that live in the body system. These bacteria have very vital roles in the body. Genetically modified foods consumed may cause these bacteria to pick up antibiotic resistance gene before the complete digestion of the DNA. This results to the antibiotic resistance in the body systems (GEO-PIE website). In terms of access and intellectual property, genetically modified foods causes few companies to dominate world food production. The technology that is applied in gene engineering is very expensive and not easy to acquire. Therefore, only few companies have the knowledge and technical know-how to produce the organisms. This will result to monopolization of the market by these few companies. Reduction in competition will cause the price of these foods to go up. This will in turn deny food to the poor or those who cannot afford these productswww. healthsystem. virginia. edu/internet/bio-ethics/bibliographylombardo. cfm. The developing countries dependency on industrialized countries will increase. Dependency of developing countries on the developed country violates their rights to conduct their government affairs independently. The countries sometimes are blackmailed into accepting political stands that compromise the welfare of their citizens. Laws and policies that should be developed in the country, address more issues that benefit the developed countries, rather than their own country (Jonathan et al, 2006). The process of developing the genetically modified organisms involves the foreign exploitation of natural resources. This is referred to as biopiracy. (Muse. jhu. edu/journals/kennedy-institute-of ethics-journal). This is whereby foreign firms or companies exploit natural resources that belong to others without their authority and recognization. Some companies have been said to exploit resources from the indigenous communities and patenting them as their own. This can be viewed as undermining of natural resources by people who do not own them (Khushf et al, 2004). The genetic engineering advances are thought to direct interests of rich countries. The rich countries gain economically by supplying GMOS to the global market, while the poor developed countries loose. Developing countries lack the technological know how in producing genetically modified organisms. If the organisms were to be introduced in the developing countries, it would be very expensive for the country or its citizens to afford the products www. bu. edu/library/guides/biethics. html. In my own view, genetically modified foods should not be introduced in the market due to the adverse effects they can cause to people, environment and society, (Glad et al, 2008). These effects cannot be ignored due to the further complications they cause to humans, animals and the overall environment. Their advantages can be equited to the negative effects they cause. The organisms should be developed without causing the harm they have caused in the past, if they are to be introduced for everyone to consume. Though these organisms do assist in solving food problems, other methods of ensuring maximum food production without posing threats should be applied. Research in the medical field, through biotechnology has helped in manufacturing of more effective drugs by pharmaceutical companies. Minimizing negative effects that may result should develop these drugs. The organisms’ benefits should be enjoyed without at the same time becoming a hazard. Conclusion Genetically modified organisms are diverse and are beneficial to the humans, animals and plants. Their benefits to human, animals and the environment are benefits to be appreciated Humans can have enough food, diseases can be prevented and the environment protected from exploitation. GMOs definitely contribute to the well being of life on earth in various ways. However they also have their negative side to life on earth. Diseases and infections have been encouraged by the organisms, environmental pollution and poisoning of human, animals and plant life. In future the testing of the Genetically Modified Organisms will be very important to ensure that the benefits outweigh the demerits and costs of development. This is the only way that the moral and ethics of life on earth will be propagated. Genetically Modified Organisms that may be introduced should be acceptable if the benefits people acquire from them are so important and many their negative effects can be comfortably sidelined. References Anderson . K and Lee Ann Jackson . 2005. Some Implications of GM food Technology policies for Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Economies Bakshi 2003. Genetically modified organisms; harmful effects Bernstein et al, 2003 Cohen, S. Chang, A. Boyerit. Helling R. 1973. Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids in Vitro. Glad, John. 2008. Future Human Evolution; Eugenis in the Twenty-First Century: Hermitage Press. James 2001. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford, New York; Oxford University Press Jonsen, Albert; Veatch, Robert Walters, Leroy (1998). Source Book in Bioethics, Washington; Georgetown University Press. Jonathan, Baron. 2006. Against Bio-ethics. Khushf, Tom(ed) 2004. Handbook of Bio-ethics; Taking Stock of the Field from a Philosophical Perspective. McGee, Glenn (2003). Pragmatic Bioethics, Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. Murphy, Timothy. 2004. Case Studies in Biomedical Research Ethics. The MIT Press. Smith, Nick. April 13, 2000. â€Å"Seeds of opportunity† An assessment of the Benefits, safety and oversight of plant Genomics and Agriculture Biotechnology. www. eubios. info/betext. htm www. dartmouth. edu-biomed/resources. htmld/bioethics. shtml www. sciencemag. org/feature/plus/sfg/education/index. dtl Bioethics. georgetown. edu/publications/scopenotes/sn38. htm www. questia. com/Ethics-in-education www. healthsystem. virginia. edu/internet/bio-ethics/bibliographylombardo. cfm www. bu. edu/library/guides/biethics. html www. gwu. edu/-guides/arts/philosophy. html Muse. jhu. edu/journals/kennedy-institute-of ethics-journal www. -sul. Stanford. edu/guides/bietics. html

Danie Theron as a Hero of the Anglo-Boer War

Danie Theron as a Hero of the Anglo-Boer War On the 25th of April 1899 Danie Theron, a Krugersdorp attorney, was found guilty of assaulting Mr W. F. Monneypenny, the editor of The Star newspaper, and fined  £20. Monneypenny, who had only been in the South Africa for two months, had written a highly derogatory editorial against the ignorant Dutch. Theron pleaded extreme provocation and his fine was paid by his supporters in the courtroom. So starts the story of one of the Anglo-Boer Wars most illustrious heroes. Danie Theron and the Cycling Corps Danie Theron, who had served in the 1895 Mmalebà ´gà ´ (Malaboch) War, was a true patriot - believing in the just and divine right of the Boer to stand against British interference: Our strength lies in the justice of our cause and in our trust in help from above.1 Before the outbreak of war, Theron and a friend, J. P. Koos Jooste (a cycling champion), asked the Transvaal government if they could raise a cycling corps. (Bicycles had first been used by the US army in the Spanish War, 1898, when a hundred black cyclists under the command of Lt James Moss were rushed in to help with riot control in Havana, Cuba.) It was Therons opinion that using bicycles for dispatch riding and reconnaissance would save horses for use in combat. In order to gain the necessary permission Theron and Jooste had to convince the highly skeptical burghers that bicycles were as good, if not better, than horses. In the end, it took a 75 kilometre race from Pretoria to the Crocodile River Bridge2 in which Jooste, on a bicycle, beat an experienced horse rider, to convince Commandant-General Piet Joubert and President J. P. S. Kruger that the idea was sound. Each of the 108 recruits to the Wielrijeders Rapportgangers Corps (Cycle Dispatch Rider Corps) was supplied with a bicycle, shorts, a revolver and, on special occasion, a light carbine. Later they received binoculars, tents, tarpaulins and wire cutters. Therons corps distinguished themselves in Natal and on the western front, and even before the war had started had provided information about British troop movements beyond the Transvaals western border.1 By Christmas 1899, Capt Danie Therons dispatch rider corps were experiencing poor deliveries of supplies at their outposts on the Tugela. On the 24th December Theron complained to the Supplies Commission that they were severely neglected. He explained that his corps, who were always in the vanguard, were far from any railway line where supplies were unloaded and his wagons regularly returned with the message that there were no vegetables since everything had been carted off to the laagers surrounding Ladysmith. His complaint was that his corps did both dispatch riding and reconnaissance work, and that they were also called upon to fight the enemy. He wanted to offer them better sustenance than dried bread, meat and rice. The result of this plea earned Theron the nickname of Kaptein Dik-eet (Captain Gorge-yourself) because he catered so well for his corps stomachs!1 The Scouts Are Moved to the Western Front As the Anglo-Boer War progressed, Capt Danie Theron and his scouts were moved to the western front and the disastrous confrontation between the British forces under Field Marshal Roberts and the Boer forces under General Piet Cronje. After a long and hard struggle up the Modder River by the British forces, the siege of Kimberly had finally been broken and Cronje was falling back with a vast train of wagons and many women and children - the families of the Commandos. General Cronje almost slipped through the British cordon, but eventually was forced to form a laager by the Modder near Paardeberg, where they dug in ready for a siege. Roberts, temporarily indisposed with the flu, passed command to Kitchener, who faced with a drawn-out siege or an all-out infantry attack, chose the latter. Kitchener also had to deal with rearguard attacks by Boer reinforcements and the approach of further Boer forces under General C. R. de Wet. On the 25th of February, 1900, during the  Battle of Paardeberg,  Capt. Danie Theron bravely crossed the British lines and entered Cronjes laager in an effort to co-ordinate a breakout. Theron, initially traveling by bicycle2, had to crawl for much of the way, and is reported to have had a conversation with British guards before crossing the river. Cronje was willing to consider a breakout but felt it necessary to put the plan before a council of war. The following day, Theron sneaked back to De Wet at Poplar Grove and informed him that the council had rejected the breakout. Most of the horses and draught animals had been killed and the burgers were worried about the safety of the women and children in the laager. Additionally, officers had threatened to stay in their trenches and surrender if Cronje gave the order to breakout. On the 27th, despite a passionate plea to his officers by Cronje to wait just one more day, Cronje was forced to surrender. The humiliation of surrender w as made much worse because this was Majuba Day. This was one of the main turning points of the war for the British. On the 2nd of March a council of war at Poplar Grove gave Theron permission to form a Scout Corps, consisting of about 100 men, to be called the Theron se Verkenningskorps (Theron Scouting Corps) and subsequently known by the initials TVK. Curiously, Theron now advocated the use of horses rather than bicycles, and each member of his new corps was provided with two horses. Koos Jooste was given command of the Cycling Corps. Theron achieved a certain notoriety in his remaining few months. The TVK were responsible for destroying railway bridges and captured several British officers. As a result of his endeavors a newspaper article, 7th April 1900, reported that Lord Roberts labeled him the chief thorn in the side of the British and had put a bounty on his head of  £1,000, dead or alive. By July Theron was considered such an important target that the Theron and his scouts were attacked by General Broadwood and 4 000 troops. A running battle ensued during which the TVK lost eight scouts killed and the British lost five killed and fifteen wounded. Therons catalogue of deeds is vast considering how little time he had left. Trains were captured, railway tracks dynamited, prisoners freed from a British jail, he had earned the respect of his men and his superiors. Therons Last Battle On the 4th September 1900 in the Gatsrand, near Fochville, Commandant Danie Theron was planning an attack with General Liebenbergs commando on General Harts column. Whilst out scouting to discover why Leibenberg was not at the agreed position, Theron ran into seven members of Marshalls Horse. During the resultant fire fight Theron killed three and wounded the other four. The columns escort was alerted by the firing and immediately charged up the hill, but Theron managed to avoid capture. Finally the columns artillery, six field guns and 4.7 inch navel gun, were unhitched and the hill bombarded. The legendary Republican hero was killed in an inferno of lyddite and shrapnel3. Eleven days later, the body of Commandant Danie Theron was exhumed by his men and later reburied next to his late fiancà ©e, Hannie Neethling, at her fathers farm of Eikenhof, Klip River. Commandant Danie Therons death earned him immortal fame in Afrikaner history. On learning of Therons death, De Wet said: Men as lovable or as valiant there might be, but where shall I find a man who combined so many virtues and good qualities in one person? Not only had he the heart of a lion but he also possessed consummate tact and the greatest energy... Danie Theron answered the highest demands that could be made on a warrior1. South Africa remembered its hero by naming their School of Military Intelligence after him. References 1. Fransjohan Pretorius, Life on Commando during the Anglo-Boer war 1899 - 1902, Human and Rousseau, Cape Town, 479 pages, ISBN 0 7981 3808 4. 2. D. R. Maree,  Bicycles in the Anglo Boer war of 1899-1902. Military History Journal, Vol. 4 No. 1 of the South African Military History Society. 3. Pieter G. Cloete, The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology, J.P van de Walt, Pretoria,351 pages, ISBN 0 7993 2632 1.

History of the Anemometer Wind Vane

History of the Anemometer Wind Vane Wind velocity or speed is measured by a cup anemometer, an instrument with three or four small hollow metal hemispheres set so that they catch the wind and revolve about a vertical rod. An electrical device records the revolutions of the cups and calculates the wind velocity. The word anemometer comes from the Greek word for wind, anemos. Mechanical Anemometer In 1450, the Italian art architect Leon Battista Alberti invented the first mechanical anemometer. This instrument consisted of a disk placed perpendicular to the wind. It would rotate by the force of the wind, and by the angle of inclination of the disk the wind force momentary showed itself. The same type of anemometer was later re-invented by Englishman Robert Hooke who is often mistakenly considered the inventor of the first anemometer. The Mayans were also building wind towers (anemometers) at the same time as Hooke. Another reference credits Wolfius as re-inventing the anemometer in 1709. Hemispherical Cup Anemometer The hemispherical cup anemometer (still used today) was invented in 1846 by Irish researcher, John Thomas Romney Robinson and consisted of four hemispherical cups. The cups rotated horizontally with the wind and a combination of wheels recorded the number of revolutions in a given time. Want to build your own hemispherical cup anemometer Sonic Anemometer A sonic anemometer determines instantaneous wind speed and direction (turbulence) by measuring how ​much sound waves traveling between a pair of transducers are sped up or slowed down by the effect of the wind. The sonic anemometer was invented by geologist Dr. Andreas Pflitsch in 1994.

Vodafone international strategic development Essay

Vodafone international strategic development - Essay Example The initial acquisition move of the company was a merger with AirTouch Communications Inc. of the United States in a $61 million deal. The company briefly renamed itself as Vodafone AirTouch in a gradual move towards aligning AirTouch to its global strategy (Johannes and Ashok, 2009, P.263). The company’s North American branch was integrated into a new entity branded Verizon Wireless together with Bell Atlantic’s mobile business with the company retaining 45% stake in the new venture. Verizon wireless was the largest mobile phone operator in the North American market with 36 million customers and 24% market share in 2003. The targeting of large firms is in line with literature that suggests that large scale acquisitions provide potential scale economies and are expected to outperform small scale acquisitions (Risberg, 1999, P.76). The targeting of large firms is also observed in the acquisition of Mannesmann in a deal that helped it own D2 mobile phone business, which w as the private market leader in Germany. This deal made Vodafone one of the 10 largest companies in the world helping it achieve scale and scope economies (Johannes and Ashok, 2009, P.264). ... was a good strategy as mobile companies shared some similarities with Vodafone in capabilities and were likely to exhibit some level of homogeneity with its structure. Such acquisitions also helped Vodafone secure a platform for acquiring the existing business position (Risberg, 1999, P.82). Unlike its competitors, the company used shares for its acquisitions. This strategy helped the company emerge from the telecom crisis relatively early so that it could concentrate on growth while virtually all of its competitors were preoccupied with debt reduction (Johannes and Ashok, 2009, P.264). The company had acquired other businesses along with the mobile phone business as was the case of Japan Telecom and Mannesmann where it owned fixed line operations. Vodafone had an explicit desire to concentrate on its core business of mobile telecommunications, and this made it look for ways to dispose of the other non-core businesses. Vodafone insisted that it was mobile focused and intended to stic k to that strategy in all of its acquisitions and subsidiaries. The emphasis on only retaining those operations in the acquired firm that were core to its expansion strategy is in line with literature that suggests that strategic fit is important in creating shareholder value (Risberg, 1999, P.81). Vodafone’s strategy was to increase revenue growth and margin improvement by providing enhanced services to its customer base. This principle had three tenets. The company would increase voice and data revenues through increased marketing focus on its established high-quality customer base. It intended to extend its operational leadership of the mobile industry through maximizing the benefits of scale and scope by using partner network agreements, increasing equity investments in firms where

The growth in internet use has affected cultures around the world, Essay

The growth in internet use has affected cultures around the world, leading to a westernised, homogenous culture - Essay Example This is so especially in the case of internet, which is a rapidly growing service almost available and accessible in all parts of the world. The internet, thus is known to have a major influence in people’s lives, their values, traditions as well as culture. This influence is steering the minds of the users into a westernised path of life. However, on the other hand, people are also seen to work towards the uplifting their own culture, as more and more languages are added to the internet in the present time, in order to increase the number of local users. Therefore, growth in the use of internet brings the whole world together into one large westernised homogenous culture while people also follow their own local cultures. Since the ancient times, the superior cultures have almost always had their influence on other cultures. This can be seen by taking the example of the British rule over India, Africa and such other countries or even when the Germans gained control over France . The dominating country always tried to imbibe their way of living as well as culture on the suppressed. This has both benefited the oppressed country as well as had negative influences too. But basically, taking the case of India, the country is in a much better position in terms of intellectuality and has been able to grasp modernity more because it was once under the rule to the British government, which was the driving force back in those days. Now with the advent in technology as well as with the creation of the mass communication computer network called ‘Internet,’ it is easier for the leading countries to promote their own culture. Now the difference here is that, in the olden times people were forced to accept the culture of the dominators, whereas now they have a choice, where they can choose whether to accept this culture or not. In the present world, globalisation aims at â€Å"interdependence† between different countries â€Å"rather than dominanceà ¢â‚¬  of developed nations over the developing or underdeveloped ones (Samovar et al. 2009, p.296). Internet is like an exchange forum, where people communicate and they come to understand the cultures of other people and also share their own cultures in this process of interaction. Internet is growing and now possessing its own culture, it is known by different terms such as â€Å"super-medium, meta-medium or a hybrid-medium† (Elm, n.d., p.85). It is this medium that enables the formation of various â€Å"virtual communities† throughout the world, resulting in a global coming together of people belonging to different nations (Hongladarom, n.d., p.2). Now the main people behind the development of such a medium are obviously the Westerners, who have always remained a superpower, and it becomes clear that the United States as well as UK has major â€Å"cultural and commercial influences† on countries all over the world (Chapter 4, p.49-http://wlxt.whut.edu.cn/new /wlyx/Resource/PaperAnswer/chap04im.pdf). As mentioned earlier, this paper aims to evaluate the influence of internet use in bringing together different cultures into a more homogenised one through the fields of business and language. Both these fields are interconnected and it is possible that when one aspect is taken into consideration, the other may be a prevalent affecting factor there. In order to know

Reasons Why Cloning is Unethical Essay Example for Free

Reasons Why Cloning is Unethical Essay From the day that ‘Dolly the sheep’ made it to the headline news, the controversy regarding her existence has never ceased. It is quite amazing, how the issues surrounding a sheep could create such a great divide on public opinion, stir up much debate in scientific halls, and whose implications caused a dilemma that reached a magnitude which needed a presidential decision. Needless to say, the debate did not concern agriculture or animal rights, but on how she came to be by cloning. Contrary to popular belief, these clinical ventures though, were not done by sheer sense of adventurism, or by simple acts of human arrogance of ‘playing God’. Instead, this breakthrough in the field of biotechnology, along with other related cases, was carried out with the legitimate purpose of propagating livestock that carry desirable traits. Breeders can easily then raise farm animals that have the preferred traits and thus increase productivity and yield. Also, lab research for the noble intention of developing drugs, require numerous testing on animals before it can finally be declared effective and safe for human use. Cloning would allow them to produce test-animals that display similar or identical characteristics and thus help validate results. There are several other reasons why cloning is held by many scientists as an essential means for improving human condition. However, such so-called conditions had now been raised to the point of fulfilling needs other than physical necessities. Man’s many woes and flaws in life such as the pain of losing a loved one or childless couples having to bear the unfulfilled desire of loving and rearing their own children, are just a few of the many disadvantages that confronts finite man. Today through science, man is longing to challenge and ‘correct’ these impossible odds. Would cloning be the answer? II. Man’s Contemporary Alternative: Merits of Cloning-to Produce-Children Distinguished British philosopher Mary Warnock, expressed her support in favour of utilizing the technology of cloning to produce children. She believes that there is nothing wrong with this procedure and thereby there should be no question on the ethical soundness of such an endeavour (Connor, 2002). Together with the rest of those who agree with her, they believe that cloning offers an excellent solution for the following problems: A. To Help Sterile Parent/s Obtain Biologically Related Children Individuals or parents who long to have their own offspring, but are hindered by sterility or some other reason the only presented solution so far have been adoption. There are different reasons why some had found this unsatisfactory. With cloning, a sterile man can now have the opportunity of producing a child that bears his own characteristics. The need to find a sperm donor is eliminated, and consequently eliminates the possibility of their child acquiring and passing on undesirable traits to future generation outside the couple. Such a method also opens for an attractive possibility not only for sterile couples but for homosexual couples and individuals who desire to raise a child of their own but do not want the entanglements of a marriage union. B. Pass-on a Genetic Disease Individuals or parents who carry defective genes such as a genetic disease can now hope to eliminate passing the disease to the following generations. Cloning would assure the parents of being able to raise children who will not be troubled by the heritable disorder. C. Pain of Losing a Loved One The grief of losing a loved one can now be alleviated by cloning the dying or dead significant person. Since cloning involves the passing on of exact physical characteristics, producing a cloned individual would invariably cause ‘replication’ of the deceased loved one or relative. Those who are left, will be comforted by ‘seeing’ their dead spouse, child or relative ‘live again’ on the cloned individual. Although, there would be major differences in experiences which would make it entirely impossible to make an exact copy of an individual in all aspects, cloning would bring a connection of the lost loved one with the grieving members. D. Society’s Desire to Have Individuals with Superior Abilities or Qualities Cloning brings families and societies to have super-human individuals by cloning outstanding athletes, musicians, men and women renowned for their beauty, or geniuses. By replicating these individuals, it is presumed that these superior qualities are determined by certain genetic make-up and thus, will be passed on through cloning. III. Reasons for Argument Cloning violates the ethics of human experimentation on the following grounds: A. Concern on Safety Of utmost concern when cloning humans is the high risk involved. As of the moment, the cloning procedure being done in experimenting mammals has shown how unsafe it is to be even applied in humans. Many embryos got wasted as it took 277 attempts before finally producing Dolly the sheep (Gawler, 2000). Barely just being six years old later, Dolly became severely ill and had to be submitted for euthanasia. Careful examination revealed that her chromosomes had shown premature signs of aging (â€Å"Cloning†). The possibility of creating inborn abnormalities or congenital defects caused by the procedure should even bring parents with a hereditary disease not to employ cloning. While it could hold promise of not passing on genetic diseases to their child, the latter is also vulnerable for congenital malformation. Also, since several donor eggs and substitute mothers are needed before achieving success, this places risks on several women. Experiments on animals had shown that there is high occurrence of premature abortion on cloned fetuses. If done on humans, continous abortion could lead to greater possibility of maternal death. B. The Issue of Consent Cloning also undermines the right of the cloned individual. In contrast to the risks that could bring to surrogate mother or the gene donor, the risks posed at the cloned individual do not have the individual’s consent. Most often, the right to exercise freedom is often called by those who promote it. This is often based on the ‘freedom to reproduce’. This means that the constitution protects individuals or parents to freely choose whether they are to have children or not (Eisenstadt v. Baird, 1972). However, in exercising that right, it overrides the freedom of choice on the cloned individual. True, reproductive freedom permits anybody to decide whether to have a child or not without hindrances by the government. It does not however, in any way, allow anyone to do it by whatever means and in complete disregard for the welfare of others. C. Possible Exploitation of Women Since cloning requires numerous tests before any attempts could become fruitful, large quantity of donor eggs will be needed. Getting the egg would subject the woman donor of hormonal treatment that gives high health risks. Furthermore, what would most likely happen is that these women donors would be offered a substantial amount of money, and thus could lure poor women to compromise their health in exchange for financial gain (Council on Bioethics, 2002). IV. Conclusion More often, the concern for safety is limited on the aspect of limiting or perfecting the procedure. It does not consider the possible undesirable effects it would have after it is accomplished. This perspective of safety does not take consideration on the unexpected effects it would have on the individual, family involved and society in general. The relationships between members of those with cloned children would greatly be altered compared to conventional family set-up. Would the cloned individual of a father be his child or twin? Obviously, cloning will rearrange how family relations will be treated. Before any attempts to cloning-to-produce children be done, would be parent/s should give grave concern on the potential psychological effects this would have on the one being cloned. What also needs special consideration is it’s the social impact caused by confusion. Cloning might open for unnecessary expensive legal battles, over custody as to who really are the child’s parents. Each individual who has a part of the cloned child might fight to claim for custody over the child. Given that such asexual means to produce children is not strange, faulty or imperfect, there is serious error on the purpose by which it longs for implementation. It places more significance on the one which will be cloned by replicating the person, rather than the cloned child. Human experience has revealed that man has the tendency to abuse, and therefore such technology can be used for vain reasons. Cloning somehow claims to provide solutions for man’s problems, the solution however, creates more problems. Given the demerits of the cause, it would far benefit society to keep from toying with strange methods. Works Cited: 1. Connor, S. (2002). Warnock: ‘No ethical reason to ban cloning’. The Independent. Retrieved 20 Nov. 2008 Accessed at http://www. independent. co. uk/news/uk/crime/warnock-no-ethical-reason-to-ban- cloning-649619. html 2. Gawler, DM. Human cloning: Scientific, ethical and regulatory issues. [Electronic Version] Retrieved 20 Nov. 2008 Accessed at http://www. aph. gov. au/house/committe/LACA/humancloning/sub234. pdf 3. â€Å"Cloning†. Ethical Issues in Biology. Retrieved 20 Nov. 2008 Accessed at http://itech. pjc. edu/jwooters/eth_issue/ei_notes. htm 4. Supreme Court of the United States (1972). , Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 US 438 5. Council on Bioethics. (2002). Human cloning and human dignity: An ethical inquiry. Retrieved 20 Nov. 2008. Accessed at http://www. bioethics. gov/reports/cloningreport/children. htmlhttp://www. bioethics. gov/reports/cloningreport/children. html

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

Atticus Finch was a character from a small town called Maycomb in a time that we come to know is shortly following FDR’s first inaugural address. Times are hard in small town America and ethics as well as morals are shaped by the way people interact with one another. Atticus has many admirable character traits; tranquility, honesty, humility, and a strong sense of civic duty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atticus is asked to defend Tom Robinson, an African-American man accused of raping a Caucasian woman. The penalty for rape in Maycomb was death. Although Atticus is a single father and has a busy legal practice, he accepts the invitation to defend Tom Robinson. The tone in which he is received for accepting the case would hamper even the bravest of souls. He still carries himself with a certain integrity that transcends time. Atticus personally stands up for Mr. Robinson even with the threat to his own safety. He continues to be neighborly to Mrs. Dubose and her garden, as well as others who he comes in contact with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atticus is not only a lawyer but he is a single father of two young children. With the help of Calpurnia they raise Jem and scout with a deep-rooted sense of honesty. Gem recalls not ever being hit by his father and the fact that Jem never wants to put his father in that position tells the audience a great deal regarding the father-son dynamic that they share. His ability to relate to his daughter, Scout, is impressive due to the loss of her mother. He is able to explain things in a way that lets the children reflect their own feeling on situations. He compromises and assumes the role of a mentor. He is perfectly content to let his children believe that their father is an old lawyer without many non-academic virtues. He surprises them again and again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The trial of Tom Robinson shows the audience a side of Atticus Finch that is grounded in civility. The obvious comparison is to that of the prosecuting attorney. The latter is disheveled and cocky. He carries himself with a certain swagger that exudes a pompous aura. I have not read the book in over a decade so I am not sure if the character was exaggerated in the movie in order to present a more appealing contrast in characters; even if that is the case Atticus still carries himself with the tranquility and humility of a good-hearted person.

Personal Experience that Changed my Life Essay

America may be experiencing the worst financial crisis this year. People may worry about losing jobs and missing opportunities for bigger earnings. But at age eighteen and fresh from high school graduation, I am all hopes and all set to start the best years of my life. Just a few years back, I was enjoying the comforts of home in Wooster, Ohio, simply unconcerned about my future. My parents were worried about my lagging interests so they decided to send me to a boarding school in Ashtabula called Grand River Academy. The school was noted for its effective programs built especially for struggling students. My parents’ decision was not in vain. I blended so easily in my boarding school and felt at home. I was smoothly able to realign my perspectives and developed the motivation to accomplish many things. Grand River Academy provided just the right push that I needed. While in the academy I developed computer skills and vast knowledge in computer networking. Soon an unexpected opportunity came that changed my destiny. Read more:Â  An Experience That Changed My Life The director of Grand River Academy offered me a workload in one of the special projects for community extension. The project aimed to develop a computer system for the school specifically for the programs involving the school’s beneficiary communities. I was tapped to be part of the team to develop the system. For the first time I was depended on and trusted that I could make a difference for the academy. It was an experience that changed me and made my vision of the future clearer and attainable. The high school project experience was significant to earn me a $6,000 – scholarship and college admission into one of the best universities in the country: Ashland University in Ohio. It is a dream-come-true for me. I give special gratitude to the Grand River Academy community for my ample preparations and being part of my achievements. Participating in the project team earned me this scholarship privilege and the key to my college education. No amount of financial crisis or global recessions can stop me now because I am determined to succeed.

Computers and Ethics in the Workplace Essay

This paper discusses issues with ethics that have derived in the workplace as a result of the use of business computers. The definition of computer ethics is simple; they are a set of moral principles that intend to help with the regulation of the use of computers. Some common problems with computer ethics consist of privacy concerns, intellectual property rights, and the way computers have an effect on people. In other words, computer ethics refers to the ways people take ethical traditions and test, stretch, apply, negotiate and break in the realm of computer technology. As technology continues to evolve, there are a great deal of ethical issues and principles of behavior concerning privacy and accurateness for managerial leaders to deal with. In finding the issues of ethics that the Technology Age has brought to the workplace, organizations must be hands-on when it is time to highlight ethical use of technology by employees. Making sure that employees are knowledgeable on the proper policies the organization has on computer ethics. Promoting good computer ethics is a great way for companies to keep morale high and unnecessary issues from arising in the workplace. Introduction As technology like computers progresses, they will continue to contain a larger impact on people in today’s society. For that reason, computer ethics supports the how some debate on just how much influence computers need to have in human communication. With computers evolving constantly, ethical standards will continue to be constructed by computer ethics and will always have newer concerns that come from recent technology. With the new changes in technology like computers, more supervisors are coping with having to manager employees for proper use of company computers; they have to stay informed of all new ethical problems and the laws that were created to enforce ethics with workers. These are problematic areas, particularly with the arrival of the World Wide Web. To date, there have been problems with employees using company computers for purposes other than work. This subject has become more of a problem in today’s society and has been addressed by employers through monitoring computer usage, creating ritten policies, and enforcing other tactics to teach and inflict the ethics of computer use to employees at all levels. This paper topic was inspired through my own experience of an employer who felt that productivity was lower than past years, due to employees who utilized the Internet for reasons other than work. Today, we have monitored email and they are able to tell what Internet sites we visit daily and the duration of the time we are on that site. I must say as an employee, I felt violated for not being able to utilize the Internet throughout the day, as I am someone who still gets my work done each day no matter what. But I can see their reasoning behind and cannot blame them for keeping an eye out. Current Situation Ethics is a set of truthful principles that oversee the actions of people. As a result, computer ethics goes hand in hand with ethics with the intention to control how employees use computers. Often times, frequent issues with computer ethics consist of privacy concerns, intellectual property rights, and the way computers have an effect on people. In other words, computer ethics refers to the ways people take ethical traditions and test, stretch, apply, negotiate and break in the realm of computer technology. A current study shows how computers are making a heavy affect on ethics at work. One study said that almost half of the people they polled said they have participated in some kind of unethical act that relates to computers at work in the last 12 months. Another study found that one out of six working people believes conventional thoughts of moral and immoral have been superseded by new technologies (Websense and Saratoga Institute). These days, its almost impossible for one to keep up with how fast technology advances and has a significant influence on how we do business these days. Corporations, management and employees have to be able to keep up with the changing times in order to be competitive in their profession. The Internet creates an interesting predicament, with many employees utilizing it at work on a daily. The main concern is whether communication and information by way of the Internet should be monitored; this concerns both business and personal communications at work. This issue of employees and the Internet at work is a concern of many employers and managers, because in most cases it affects productivity

Professional Organization Meeting Summary Example

Professional Organization Meeting Summary Example Professional Organization Meeting Summary – Coursework Example Summary of the Houston Association of Nurse Practitioner (HANP) Meeting The Houston Association of Nurse Practitioners (HANP) meeting was convened todiscuss the effect of a once weekly therapy on A1C and weight over three years. The venue of the meeting was at Maggianos Little Italy and it was sponsored by AztraZaneca. It was scheduled to run from 6 pm to 8: 30 pm. From 6pm to 7pm, all participants were required to register and also interact with other participants. During this networking time, I was able to make three new friends. Two of them had been previous students while one was a current student. The speaker presentation was designed to run between 7pm to 8 pm. It also included a Q & A section. This presentation mainly covered the BYDUREON drug. BYDUREON is basically an injectable medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes by controlling the blood sugar level. Thus, BYDUREON aids a patient’s pancreas to efficiently produce the required insulin. The drug tends to increase the risk of thyroid c cell tumors in patients. Therefore, patients have to be counseled and informed about the symptoms and risk of thyroid tumors. Additionally, patients with a family or personal history of thyroid cancer or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 should not be given or should not use the drug. Although studies carried out on animals prove that the drug causes thyroid tumors, it is still unknown if it will cause thyroid tumors in human beings. This is mainly because high doses are used in animal tests. Thus, it is advisable to administer the drug to a patient only when the benefits outweigh the risks. The warnings and precautions mainly state that the drug should not be administered to patients with renal impairment and gastrointestinal disease. Also, the drug tends to cause serious injection site reactions. Furthermore, the drug causes some adverse reactions such as diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and injection site pruritus. Moreover, the drug interacts adversely with warfar in. The drug is not recommended to be used on pediatric patients, and pregnant and nursing women. After the end of the presentation and Q & A section, other business announcements were handled between 8 pm to 8:30pm. It was at this juncture that scholarships were awarded to two NPs and one DNP before the meeting was declared over.

Public Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public Economics - Essay Example The major problem in the idea of dismantling monopoly of public school stems from the fact that such an approach will improve quality of public education by increasing competition among schools.   Several economists have pointed out to reasons that make political control of education inefficient. In fact, the poor performance of schools in America had been largely linked to the public control of education. Economists who support this notion believe that political force, instead of forces of competition, drives production; otherwise, producers and consumers will end up spending more time in catering to the political needs, instead of focusing on the satisfaction of consumers. Inefficiency creeps into the system as producers become complacent under the protection of the government and consumers fail to obtain better quality of service. Public schools did not have to compete with their rivals, which had increased their social costs. The public had no choice, but to send their children to local national schools. This rendered the whole system ineffective (Gwartney 159-173). Friedman has been one of the earliest economists who had suggested the chief rationales that lay behind government intervention in the field of education, namely effects of the neighborhood and concerns of parents. The government had to make these two arguments in order to nationalize the system of education. However, according to the views of Friedman, the system of education could be improved without nationalization and had introduced the concept of  education vouchers in schooling.

Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Enterprise - Essay Example f its customers by offering them timely services; clean vehicles and easy local accessibility which can reduce the cost for its customers while at the same time ensure that customer expectations are met. One of the key assets, firm has been able to develop over the period of time is the strong Human Resource Base. The quality of the HR is considered as one of the key assets because firm is not only the largest recruiter of the graduates but also put them through a systematic training which helped employees to understand the business from bottom up. Apart from this, firm has been able to develop a better customer services, large fleet, local management and truly customer focus. However, considering the overall change in dynamics, the management of the firm may use following strategies to achieve further growth : 1. Firm needs to develop alternative delivery channels to further penetrate into the market. Currently, though it is following all local strategy however, it needs to focus on developing alternative channels to achieve the growth. The changes in the technology may help the organization to achieve required level of growth therefore firm can use online web portals as well as mobile applications as alternative booking channels for its services. This can help firm to specially target those customers who are mobile and want to use rented cars for commuting long distances. 2. The current strategy of the firm is focused upon delivering local solutions to the customers through effective services, clean vehicles and cheaper rides. This strategy however, may not be viable as the overall demographics and consumer orientation changes. The current breed of customers require strong reviews, online social acceptance before they make any purchase decision. In order to cater to the needs of a customer base which is too mobile and have loads of information at access, it is critical that the firm shall match desired experience of such consumers. It needs to move out of its